Means for operating alternating-current electric motors.



PATENTED JUNE 16, 1903. R. EIGKEMBYER, DEGD. R. EIGKEMEYBR, JR. 0.EIOKBMEYER & M. '1 EIOKEMEYER, BXBOUTOBB. MEANS FOR OPERATINGALTERNATING- CURRENT RLROTRIO MOTORS.

APPLIOATION FILED JULY 6| 1894.

7 BHEETB-SEEHT 1.

H0 MODEL.

m: norms vrrzns c0, F'MOTO-LITNQ, WASHING'IQN. u. c.

No. 730,891. PATEN-TED JUNE 16, 1903.

R. EIGKEMEYER, DEGD. 11. EIOXEMEYER, m, o. EIOKBMEYER & M. T.EIGKEMEYEB, nxnouwons.

MEANS FOR OPERATING ALTERNATING CURRENT ELECTRIC MOTORS. no MODEL.%%F25% 1894" SHEETS-SHEET 2.

1n: mums PETERS c0 PHOTO-LITNO WASKINGTON, u. c.

No. 730,891. PATENTED JUNE 16, 1903. R. EIGKBMEYER, DEGD.

MEYER, EXEOUTORS.

a. EIOKEMEYBR, m, 0. EIOKEMEYER & M. T. 310x MEANS FOR OPERATINGALTERNATING CURRENT ELEGTRIU MOTORS. APPLIUATION FILED JULY 6, 1894. nonoun. 7 SHEETS-SHEET a.

PATBNTBD JUNE 16, 1903. R. EIOKEMEYER, DEOD. n. moxnnnnn, m, o.EIOKEMEYEB. & M. T. BIOKBMEYBB, EZEOUTORS. v MEANS FOR OPERATINGALTERNATING CURRENT ELECTRIC MOTORS.

APPLICATION I-TILE 6. 1894. N0 MODEL. D JULY 7 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

No. 730,891. PATENTED JUNE 16, 1903.

R. EIOKEMEYER, DEGD. R. BIUKEMEYER, 1a., 0. moxnmnun dz m. '11.EIGKEMEYER, EXBGUTORS.

MEANS FOR OPERATING ALTERNATING CURRENT ELECTRIC MOTORS.

1 APPLIOATI R TILED 6 1894. H0 MODEL. 0 JULY I 'I SHEETS-SHEET 5.

l iii-663%.- jvvenz or PATENTED JUNE 16, 1903. R. EIOKEMBYER, 113cm. 3.EIOKBMEYER, J'B., CI. EIOKEMEYBR a M. T. EIOKEMEYBB, EXEOUTOBB. MEANSFOR OPERATING ALTERNATING GURRENTELEGTRIG MOTORS.

7 SHEETS-SHEET 6.

no MODEL.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 5- 1894.

No. 730,891. PATENTED JUNE16, 1903.

R. EIGKEMEYER, DEGD. n. moxnmnnn, JB., 0. moxmmnm & M. 'r. moxzmnnn,summons.

MEANS FOR OPERATINGALTERNATING CURRENT ELECTRIC MOTORS.

APPLICATION FILE 6 1894. 10 MODEL. D JULY 7 SHEETS-SHEET 7.

UNITED STATES;

Patented June 16, 1903 PATENT, OFFIC RUDOLF EIOKEMEYER, OF YONKERS, NEWYORK; RUDOLF EICKEMEYER, JR, CARL EICKEMEYER, AND MARY T. EIOKEMEYEREXECUTORS OF SAID RUDOLF EICKEMEYER, DECEASED.

MEANS EUR-OPERATING ALTERNATING-CURRENT ELECTRIC MOTORS.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters IE'atent No. 730,891, dated June16, 1903.

Application filed July 6, 1894. Serial No. 516,724. (No model.)

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, RUDoLF EICKEMEYER, of Yonkers, in thecountyofWestchester and State of New York, have invented certain new and usefulImprovements in Means for Operating Alternating-Current Electric Motors;and I do hereby declare that the following specification, taken inconnection with the drawings furnished and forming a part of the same,is a clear, true, and complete description of my invention.

My present improvements relate to motors adapted to use in electriccircuits wherein the current alternates.

In my application for patent filed September 28, 1891, Serial No.406,574, I disclosed motors which were driven by currents of thecharacter referred to, the current in each instance operating in a setof field-coils and inducing a secondary current in a separate set ofshort-circuited field-coils, the latter being unsymmetrically locatedwith relation to the coils to which the main exciting-current issupplied. In some of my said motors the armature-circuits were directlysupplied with current and in others the armature-circuits were closedupon themselves and supplied solely by currents induced therein by thealternating field magnetism. I have now discovered that the alternatingcurrent can be made to initially operate motors having inductionarmatures in which only closed circuits are employed and to which nooutside currents are suppliedby varying 5 the flow of the currentin allor in portions of the field-coils by means of an'appropriate electricstarting-switch, and thereby the armature caused to commence itsrotation and with sufficient torque to overcome such load 40 as themotor may be intended to carry.

The armatures of my motors embody iron cores with tightly-insertedlongitudinal copper conductors and copper heads and are novel .in thatsaid parts are so organized and 5 united by soldering as to constitute asubstantially integral solid structure and afford the desired number ofclosed circuits which are traversed by currents induced by the rotationof the armature through and by the alternations of the magnetic field.In my armatures of this type in their best form the longitudinalconductors are annularly arranged and in one or more concentric rows,

so disposed in the iron core as to separate parts of it into sectionsdivided substantially on radial lines extending from the peripheryinwardly, also in having the field-poles and the longitudinal conductorsunsymmetrical with relation to each other, so that no two magnet-polescan ever havea magnetic circuit (through portions of the core) which isprecisely the same as that of any other two poles, and also in havingthe plugs (or longitudinal conductors) and poles locatedunsymmetrically, so that no two adjacent plugs will 00- cupy the sameposition with relation to their adjacent pole or poles as any other twosimilar adjacent plugs will occupy with relation to their adjacent poleor poles, the object being by these several features of construction toreduce the magnetic resistance of the armature to the lowest practicabledegree, and for affording specially ample magnetic circuits andnumerousclosed circuits in the armature-core I arrange the plugs inconcentric rows, so that the plugs in some of the rows will occupydifferent radial lines from those occupied by the other plugs.

After describing my invention in connection with the several embodimentsthereof illustrated in the drawings the features deemed novel andconsidered appropriate to or within the scope of this application willbe duly specified in the several clauses of claim hereunto annexed.

Referring to the drawings, Figures 1 and 2 illustrate in twodiametrically opposite sections an alternating-current machine embodyingcertain portions of myinvention. Fig. 3 is a plan view of one of myreversible motorstarting switches and its electrical connections withmotor, the latter being bipolar, as in Figs. 1 and 2,but with its fieldillustrated diagrammatically, and the supply wire terminals having noconnection with the-switch. Fig. 4is a plan view of another ofmy-motor-starting switches and of the motor, as in Fig. 3, but with thesupply-wire terminals connected to the switch. Fig. 5 in a similar .1manner illustrates the motor and still another I00 of my motor-startingswitches, this latter embodying the characteristic features of both ofthe switches Figs. 3 and 4. Fig. 6 illustrates in plan view one of myreversible motorstarting switches and its connection with a multipolar(four-pole) motor. Fig. 7 illus trates one of my motor-starting switchesand its connection with special motor-starting coils in a motor-fieldcontaining sixteen polefaces and a pole-governing switch shown in planeprojection,by means of which the motor can at any and all times bechanged at will or by a mechanical governor from a four to an eight orto a sixteen pole machine. Fig. 8 is an end view of the pole-governingswitch. Fig. 9,upon an enlarged scale, illustrates one of the pole-facesof the motor with its exciting-coil and its two special startingcoils asarranged in a-reversible motor. Fig. 10 illustrates an electric-elevatororganization embodying a power-motor of the type before illustrated, ahand starting-switch to be actuated at or from the elevator-car, amechanical governor for controlling the hand starting-switch and powerstarting-switch and its motor, the latter controlling the movement ofthe power-motor while being itself controlled by the handstarting-switch and the mechanical governor. Fig. ll diagrammaticallyillustrates the entire electric and electromagnetic portions of theorganization, Fig. 10. Fig. 12 in side view illustrates one of my motorsprovided with a mechanical starting device combined with acircuit-switchand organized as a fan-motor. Fig. 13 is a vertical section of the sameon the line of the armature-shaft and includes a separate illustrationof a mechanical starter. Fig. 14 is a side view of the combinedmechanical starter and switch. Fig. 15 is a side view of the switch-armand its brushes. Fig. 16 diagrammatically illustrates the field-coilsand their connections with the switch-terminal plates and a transformer.Fig. 17 diagrammatically illustrates the switch, Fig. 4, and abipolar-shuttle armature having a closedcircuit winding. Fig. 18illustrates a fourpole closed-circuit armature. Fig. 19 illustratedanother form of closed-circuit multipolar armature.

The machine A (shown in Figs. 1 and 2) has a field-magnet A, whichcontains sixteen field-coils a on a ring or core composed of soft-ironplates Z), the latter being laterally bored to receive the inner ends ofthe coils, which are otherwise maintained in position by wedge-shapedblocks 0, interposed between the coils at their sides and outer ends,the blocks and core-plates being clamped together by means of pins orbolts (1. The bored holes in the core are slitted through to thearmature-space, as at b, for affording air-space between thepole-divisions or pole-faces of the field-magnets, of which there aresixteen intervening between the sixteen coils. In this machine asoperated in accordance with myinvention the main circuit or supplyconnections are made with the set of field-coils at two opposite'points,(indicated at e and f,) and the armature B when once started isetfectively driven by this bipolar field without any variations in theapplication of the main current or in the field-coils, although forstarting the motor a system of short-circuiting the field-coils orrotation of the fieldcoil terminals is employed, as will be hereinaftermore fully explained.

The armature B contains certain novel features in its construction bywhich highly-effeotive closed electric circuits are aiforded, and whenconsidered with reference to its combination with the field describedvaluable novelty is involved in the fact that the number of closedcircuits in the armature is a number which has no numerical relation tothe number of field-poles or pole-faces, or, in other words, the sixteenfield-coils and polefaces are here used in combination with an armatureprovided with seventeen conductors. It is to be understood that thisportion of my invention extends to any given num' ber of pole-faces inthe field and any given number of conductors at the periphery of thearmature so long as said number of conductors is indivisible by thenumber of fieldpoles or has no large common divisor therewith.

The armature B includes a core g of softiron disks clamped between twocopper heads h it. Near the periphery of the drum thus formed it isbored in the line of its axis at seventeen equidistant points, and themetal is also slitted, as at '5, through the outer side of each hole,thus dividing the face of the armature into seventeen divisions withintervening air-spaces. Into these holes soft-copper plugs /r, aretightly inserted. Concentric with these outer holes a correspondingnumber of smaller holes are bored, each slightly opening into theadjacent large hole. Into these small holes soft-copper plugs 7; or pinsare fitted, eachpair of small and large plugs being in contact with eachother and serving in substance as one conductor of such a form as willpossess desirable sectional area without unduly reducing the bulk ofiron between each pair of the thus connected conductors, this iron beingrequired for affording magnetic circuits. The copper heads h 7t and theseveral plugs or pins 7c are then united by solder at all the joints,thus producing an armature which is a practically solid integralstructure and one which cannot become injured or impaired by service,and hence need never be dismantled.

Referring to Fig. 2, it will be seen that the magnetic circuit from noone ,field pole through the adjacent iron in the armaturecore to anyother field-pole can ever be precisely the same (in magneticconductivity) as any other magnetic circuit between any other twofield-poles, because of the unsym- -starters can be readily employedwith small light motors, as will be hereinafter described, I havedevised methods and means by which they may be started electrically, butby the manipulation of what I will call a terminal-rotating ormotor-starting switch, which I have devised in difierent forms, in theoperation of some of which the feeding-current connections with thefield remain unchanged, but the field-poles are in substance rotated,because of an intermitting short circuiting of appropriate portions ofthe field-coils, whereby the flow of magnetism in the magnetic circuitsof the field is so shifted, changed, or varied as-to cause the initialand powerful rotation of the armature. A motor-starting switch of thiskind is shown in Fig. 3 at C, the motor-field A with its sixteen coils abeing in closed electric circuit and having the feeding-wire terminals 6and fat two opposite points. In this switch 0 there are sixannularly-arranged segmental contact blocks or plates; but these areunited in opposite groups of three plates each, Z, m, and Z and Z m, andZ the plates of each group being in one plane and toothed somewhat likethe teeth of an internal gear and an ordinary gear meshed together, butseparated at all points by a line of insulating material Z". A brush-armn, centrally pivoted and provided with a hand-crank n, has at each end abrush or contact plate 11 orn each being a little wider than the zigzagline 1", of insulating matter, so that as the switch-arm is moved to andfro each brush intermittingly laps upon the two underlying plates andthen on only one of them, but alternating in this complete contact withthe several plates, the object being to intermittingly short-circuitportions of the field-coils, and to therebyin substance so rotate thefield-poles or at least to so shift, change, or vary the flow ofmagnetism in the field magnetic circuits as to cause the armature tostart its rotation in a direction according to the direction in whichthe switch-arm n is moved, as will be hereinafter plate Z is coupled tothe coil near and at the opposite side of the terminal f by wire 4.Plate Z is coupled by wire 5 to the coils near and at the side of theterminal e. The plate m is coupled by wire 6 to the coils at a pointlocated equally between the connections with plates Z and Z by theirwires 4 and 5. It will now be seen if the switch-bar a should be quicklyswung from the position of rest shown, so that its brushes or contactswould pass over plates m and Z and m and Z that the sections offield-coil between the connection with wires 2 and 3 and also thosesections between Wires 4 and 6 will be rapidly and intermittinglyshort-circnited, and as there are seven insulated lines Z to bridgethese sections of coil are short-circuited and restored to circuit seventimes. This will cause the armature to start and be revolved in onedirection. and driven in the opposite direction, the brushes being inthe position shown in the figure, the brush-arm is swung so as to sweepover plates m and Z on one side and plates m and l on the other, inwhich case the coilsection between the connections with wires 1 and 3will be intermittingly short-circuited on one side and also the sectionsbetween the connections with wires 6 and 5 on the other side. When themotor has once been started in either direction and the switch-arm thenresting at its ends either on the plates Z and Z or Z and Z none of thesections are shortcircuited, and all are traversed by the main current.

Considering the machine to have been started and in full operation, itis to be understood that the revolution of the armature through themagnetic field induces an electric current in the severalarmature-conductors, (as in any dynamo,) and this induced current inthis machine has the same phase as the alternating field magnetism andmagnetizes the adjacent portions of the armature in a directionperpendicular (or at right angles) to the direction of the fieldmagnetism, and this induced current is always proportional to the speedof the armature.

By the alternations of the field magnetism.

there is induced in the armature another current which lags behind thefield magnetism one-quarter of a period-and magnetizes the armature inthe same direction as the field. This latter currentis independent ofthe revolution of the armature and is due'to so-called mutualinduetion.These two currents thus circulating in the conductors of the revolvingarmature differ in phase by one-quarter of a period and magnetizeindirections which are perpendicular to each other, and therefore theycause one or more groups or sets (according to whether used in a bipolaror multipolar machine) ofrotating magnetpoles in the armature, which bytheir attraction and repulsion of the alternating field-poles causerotation of the armature. The one of these currents which is due whollyto rotation of the armature cannot of course be developed when thearmature is at rest, and it is only when the armature is in motion thatthere is any rotation of the magnet-poles in the armature, and

If the motor is to be started the rotation of these poles only reachesuniform strength and speed when the armature approaches synchronism withthe alternating current. For these reasons motor-starting devices mustbe employed, and when said devices are purely mechanical their mode ofoperation will be obvious; but when electrical powers are invoked inconnection with a starting device the latter must be capable of settingup conditions more orless closely corresponding to the electricalconditions attending the armature when it is under full operation. Itmust be understood, however, that my description of the variedelectrical and magnetic conditions involved in the operation of mymachines is not intended to be more than a general outline, the actionbeing somewhat more complex than I have indicated. At all events byworking the switch already described, and thereby intermittinglyshort-circuiting portions of the field-coils, which, as shown, areunsymmetrically located with reference to the connections of the fieldwith the main or supply wire terminals, electrical and magneticconditions are produced in the armature which so far resemble thosepresent while it is in motion as to cause it to commence rotation.

For causing the armature-poles to revolve with uniformity as to speedand strength the armature-conductors should be numerous, and forsecuring the best results the magnetic resistance of the armature shouldbe uniform or equal in all directions-th at is, the armature must nothave any well-defined pole-faces corresponding in number to those of thefieldand in this respect motors embodying my complete invention differessentially from other types of alternating motors which work byrepulsion of shuttle-formed armatures by an alternating field, althoughcertain portions of my invention may be employed in connection witharmatures of the shuttle type, as will be hereinafter explained.

WVith my novel combination of a field having a well-defined number ofpole-faces and an armature having no well-defined polefaces, butapproximately equal magnetic resistance in all directions andclosed-circuit conductors, and the latter being numerous and having nolarge common divisor with the number of field-poles, (and as a rulegreater in number than the number of poles in the field,) I have securedease and promptness in starting the motor by merely initiating itsrotation by shifting or 'varying the electrical connections by which thefield is supplied, and thereby shifting, changing, or varying themagnetic flow in the magnetic circuits in the field.

For producing the electrical and magnetic conditions in and around thestationary armature which are present when the armature is in motion, soas to cause initial rotation of the armature, I have devised and soapplied to the motor-switch other means by which the terminalconnections of the feeding or supply wires with the field are rotatedcon centrically with the armature. This organization is illustrated inFig. 4:, wherein the switch 0 is an intermediary between the linewire orsupply conductors e and f, each being connected with its appropriatering-plate c and f, the two plates being concentric to each other andboth being centrally located within a series of annularly-arrangedcontact blocks or plates, of which there are sixteen, (designated,progressively,from e to 6 Two brushes f and f are coupled together andaxially mounted at the center of the switch and provided with ahand-crank n, so that they may be readily and rapidly operatedincontinuous successive rotations. The brushf at one end rests upon thesupply-terminal plate f, and at the other end it bears upon and cansweep over all of the blocks a to e. The brushf in like manner at itsouter end engages with said blocks, and at its inner end it bears uponthe annular terminal plate a. The motorA, its field-magnet A, andarmature B are as before described; but in this case the wireconnections between each two of the sixteen coils a are coupled to anappropriate contact-block of the switch by wires which are designated bynumerals which correspond with the numeral of each blockas, forinstance, by wire 2 from block e by wire 3 from block 6 and so onthroughout the series. As here shown, the motor is coupled to operate asa bipolar machine, the current entering and leaving by supply-terminalswhich are always diametrically opposite each otheras, for instance, withthe switch bars or brushes in the position shown the supply connectionswith the fie1d-coils are from c to e, to brush f contact-block 6 by wire17 to one side of the annular field, where itdivides, passes in bothdirections to the opposite side, and thence by wire 9 to switch-blocke", to brush f and thence to the ring-plate f and out onsupply-terminalf. It will now be obvious that when the switchb,rushesare rotated the terminal connections are also rotatively shiftedprogressively and in regular succession, thus rotating the field, andthat this action with respect to the armature and its closed-circuitconductors causes induced currents in the latter which so far resemblethe induced currents therein whichare caused by the rotation of thearmature that the latter will start from its position of rest and withtorque corresponding to the speed at which the switch maybe rotated, thearmature revolving'in a direction opposite to that in which the field isrotated. When the motor has been thus started, the motion of thearmature thereafter produces induced currents which afford the-magneticreaction necessary for its continued rotation, and hence the rotation ofthe switch (or field) is no longer required. switches are shown combinedin the organization Fig. 5, wherein the-motor A, its field A, andarmature B are as before described.

Both of these starting- The sixteen field-coils a are connected withthis switch 0 by wires 2 3 4, &c., with appropriate switch-blocks e c 6&c., and ringplates 6 and f are connected with the terminals ofsupply-wires e and f, as before described in connection with switch C.In this case, however, four brushes are employed, and these are carriedon a suitable carrier n axially mounted and having a hand-crank 92. Ofthese four brushes those at n and n are for short-circuiting, while thebrushes f and f respectively, couple the supply ringplates f and c withthe several blocks 6 e 850., and thereby revolve the field-terminals.WVith the brushes standing in the position shown (or as they should bewhen at rest) the current enters through main supply-wire e to ring 6'and by way of the brush f passes to block 6", thence by wire 9 to thefield, where it divides,'passing in both directions around to theopposite side of the field and emerges at the terminal of wire 17,thence to block a" and brush f ,.to ring f, and out on supply-wire f.When the brushes "n and n overlap any two contact-blocks, theyshortcircuit the sections which in each instance unsym metricallyintervene between the corresponding four coil-terminals. Thisstarting-switch is organized for cooperating with a non-reversiblemotor.

As thus far described my motors and their starting-switches have been ofthe bipolar type; but the application of this portion of my invention toa multipolar organization is shown in Fig. 6, wherein an eight-polemotorfield A and armature B, with a reversible starting-switch G aresh0wn,with the several appropriate electric connections. In thismotor-field there are sixteen cores or polar projections, respectivelydesignated by numerals 1 to 16, andveach having its appropriatefield-coil or coil-section Ct designated. The coil connections aregrouped in fours joined in series and in closed circuit, as inmultipolar Gramme machines. In other words, coils a at l, 5, 9, and 13are in one connected group, those at 1 4:, 2, 6, and 10 in another, andso on throughout the sixteen coils. At the one side of the machine fourof the outside connections between appropriate coils are graphicallydisplayed in Fig. 6 at one side at p, g, r, and 8', these being terminalwires of the four groups of coils. The starting-switch C has interiorcircular contact-plates c" and f, to which the supplywire terminals eandfare connected. In an outer concentric circle there are forty-eightcontact-blocks. A switch-arm n is provided with a hand-crank n andcarries two brushes f and f, which are separated by a space a littlegreater than the length of a contactblock, (on the circular line,) andthey respectively connect the several blocks with the supply-terminalcontact-plates f and e. The contact-blocks are connected in fours. 1)with p, q with q, i with 1*, and s with s throughout the series bymean's'of outside annular and radial conductors 29 Q2, W, and s and eachof said annular conductors is connected by a wire with its appropriateset of coils,as follows: The several contact-blocksp connect with theradialand annular conductor p and this in turn connects with theconnecting-wireyfi, which couples with the terminals of appropriatecoils, and so, also, do the blocks (1, r, and s, the arrangement beingsuch that when excited each two adjacent coils are similarlymagnetized-as, for instance, at coils 1 2 and 5 6 and 9 10 and 13 14there will be an N polarity and at theintervening pairs an S polarity.Now by rotating this switchbar in one direction when the armature is atrest there will result a reversing first of one half and then of theother half of the coils in alternation as will cause such a rotation ofthe field-terminals as will start the motor in one direction, while foreffecting a reversal of the motor the switch has only to be revolved inan opposite direction. While the motor is at full speed it may bechecked or even stopped if the starting-switch should be rotated atsufficiently high speed.

It will be readily seen that my startingswitches need not always be ofan annular form, it being obvious that any one of the switches shown maybe so adapted that its brush or brushes may slide and operate in astraight line, the contact-blocks being then arranged in one or moreparallel rows and appropriately connected with the field-coils. Thisstraight-line arrangement is well adapted to the simple form of handstarting-switch C; but in those switches which require rapid,continuous, and repeatedly-successive contact of the brushes the annulararrangement seems to be preferable.

As thus far described the starting-switches have been connected withcoils to which the main exciting-current is supplied; but it is to beunderstood that this portion of myinvention is not restricted to thecombination of a starting-switch with field coils which are traversed bythe main current, inasmuch as separate coils in which current is inducedfrom the field may-be employed with sole reference to the performance ofmotor-starting duty when properly controlled by means of an appropriatemotor-starting switch. It will be observed in connection with my methodof electrically starting alternating-current motors havingclosed-circuit armatures and multipolar fields that separate portions ofthe field are alternately and variably controlled. The valuable resultsof this mode of operation led to my devisinga novel method of operatingand controlling multipolar dynamos, whichfbroadly stated, consists in apeculiar and novel method of varying the polarorganization, which can bedone while the machine is at rest or in operationas, for instance,anymachine adapted to operate as a sixteen, eight, or four pole machinemay be capable of performing its normal duty when operated as aneight-pole machine; but it may also be successfully operated as afour-pole machine at double speed if more duty is required than normal,or if lesser duty be required it may then be operated slowly as asixteen-pole machine. Such machines can be controlled by hand or by amechanical regulator, which, according to variations in speed, due tovariations in load, will be capable of changing the machine from itseight-polar condition to a four-pole or to a sixteen-pole machine andback again to either of its other conditions. It is in connection withan organization of this type that I have illustrated the independentstarting-coils,hereinbefore referred to. (See Figs. 7, 8, and 9.)

In Fig. 7 only the field with its magnetic metal, its coils a, and thegoverning poleswitch D are shown. The annular field metal at A iscomposed of plates of soft iron, and

it is internally recessed to afford sixteen polar projections,(respectively numbered from 1 to 16,) and each is surrounded by itsappropriate field-coil a. Each polar projection is perforated near itsend from sid eto side of the field, as specially shown in Fig. 9, at tfor the reception of the sides of two sets of starting-coils 25' and (3.Only one set of these coils is shown in Fig. 7, this being sufficientfor starting the motor in one direction, the double arrangement beingrequired for reversible motors. The several coils t, as shown in Fig. 7,are connected in series in a circuit having its terminals 25 i connectedwith two switch-plates Z and m of the starting-switch G which resemblesthe switch 0, already described, in the zigzag construction andarrangement of its contact-plates, which are swept by a brush on apivoted arm, as in said other switch, so that as the brush is swung fromthe one side to the other the startingcoil circuit is repeatedly closedand opened, there being several separating-lines between the plates inthe path of the brush. A reversible starting-switch for use with the twosets of starting-coils i and 25 will only involve the duplication of theplates land m and their location within the path of the brush andsuitably enlarged and appropriate connections with the second set ofstarting-coils. The several magnet coils are divided into fourseparatecircuits. The terminal ofthecoil at magnet 1 is connected withone feeding or line wire 6, and the terminal of the coil of the magnet10 connects with an outside poleswitch conductor u.Similarswitching-condoctors a 10, 11 it, M, and u are in like 11 and tothe switch conductors 1L2 and if. The coils at 15, 1, 7, and 12 areconnected by wires at o 12 0 and with the switch-conductors u and u. Thecoils at 14, 5, 6, and 13 are connected with each other by wires c c andv and with the pole-switch conductors U4 and u The pole-switch D isshown in plane projection in Fig. 7 and also in end view in Fig. 8.Eight brushes E, F, G, H, I, K, L, and M are employed. The brush E isconnected with the terminalfof the supply-wire. The brush F by way ofwire 163 is coupled to the field-section which includes magnets 12,7, 4,and 15, the outside wire a connecting with brush G. The brush H connectsby wire a with magnets 16, 3, 8, and 11, their other outside wire uconnecting with brush I. The brush K connects by wire u with magnets 14,5, 6, and 13 and thence with outside wire 1L4, which is connected withbrush L. The brush M by wire u takes in magnets 10, 9, 2, and I, theirother terminal being the supply-wire c. The cylindrical surface of theswitch is provided with eleven contact-plates insulated from each other,although some of them are intercom nected. Longitudinal with thecylinder there is an insulating-space at u, on which all of the brushesbear when the machine is at rest, all of the coils being then cutout,the brushes occupying said position in Fig. 7. At one end of thecylinder there is a contact-plate E, wide enough-t. e., lengthwise ofthe cylinder-t0 accommodate two brushes E and F; but it is centrallyrecessed at one side for the reception of a plate F, which lies in thepath of the brush F. Next there is a contact-plate G, wide enough toafford bearings for two brushes G and H; but it is shorter than theplate E to accommodate two other plates G and H side by side andrespectively in the paths of the brushes G and H. Next is a shortcontact-plate 1, wide enough for two brushes I and K, and in their pathsare two small plates I and K and also beyond them another wide plate 1which is common to both brushes. Next, and finally, there is a largeplate L, corresponding in length with the plate E and mainly of uniformWidth for contact with brushes L and M; but at its rear inner end at oneside it is recessed to accommodate a plate L in the path of the brush L.The interconnections of these plates are as follows: Plates E and I areconnected by subwire u plates F and K are similarly coupled by wire u,plates G2 and L are coupled by wire to and plates H and L are coupled bywire a Upon the face of the switch, as here shown, there are threelongitudinal dotted lines for indicating the three positions of theswitch which are required for operating the motor, as a sixteen-pole oras an eightpole or as a four pole machine. WVith the brushes occupyingthe line 00 it will be seen that the circuit from line-wire e toline-wiref will be as follows: from e, through magnets 1, 2, 9, and 10,out on 'tb to brush M IIS and switch-plate L, thence by brush L and wirea to magnets 13, 6, 5, and 14, out on wire a to brush K to plate I,thence by brush I and wire a through magnets 11, 8, 3, and 16, out onwire 11, to brush II and plate G, thence by brush G, out on wire a",through magnets 15, 4, 7, and 12, out on wire a to brush F and plate E,from which the circuit by way of brush E is completed to the othersupply-wire f, and thus appropriately exciting all of the coils in theseveral magnets, the magnets of one polarity, 1 3 5, &c., beingseparated by magnets 2 4 6, 850., of opposite polarity. The machine thenoperates, therefore, at slow speed as a sixteen-pole machine, the fourcircuits of magnet-coils being connected in series. If now theswitchcylinder be so rotated that the brushes will rest on line y, thecircuit will be as follows: from 6, through magnets 1, 2, 9, and 10, outon wire it to brush M and plate L, thence by brush L and wire a throughmagnets 13, 6, 5, and 14, out on wire a to brush K, which, resting onplate finds a direct path by way of subwire u to plate F, to brush F,and on wire u", to and through magnets 12, 7, at, and 15, out on a" tobrush G and plate G, to brush H, and thence on wire M to and throughmagnets 16, 3, S, and 11, out on wire a to brush I, then resting onplate 1 which has adirect subconnection by wire a with the plate E, andthence out by brush E to the other ter-, minal wiref. By this changeeach two adjacent magnets have been made of corresponding polarity, andhence the machine operates at double speed as an eight-pole machine. Thecircuits by way of wires 14 n and n a having been reversed, the polarityof their connected magnets are corrrespondingly reversed. If next theswitch be turned so that the brushes will rest on the line ,2, themagnets will in polarity be so grouped in fours as to enable the machineto operate twice as fast as before as a four-pole machine, the circuitthen being, say, from 6, through coils 1, 2, 9, and 10, out on u tobrush M and plate L, thence by subwire u to plate II, thence by brush Hand wire to to and through magnets 16, 3, 8, and 11, out on wire a tobrush I, to plate I thence by brush K and wire a through magnets 14, 5,6, and 13, out on n to brush L and plate L which by snbwire u connectswith plate G from which by way of brush G and wire a the circuit liesthrough magnets 15, 4, 7, and 12, out on wire a to brush F and plate E,and thence by brush E to the other supply-terminal f. In this case themagnet-coils included by the terminals n u and a u will have been againreversed.

It will be obvious that by means of suitable variations in thepole-switch wide ranges of variation can be effected in any machineregardless of its number of magnets and to thereby provide for fine andaccurate regulating adjustments for varying speed and for securingdesirable uniformity therein under varying loads.

will or under the control of a mechanical governor either as a machinein which all of the several pole-faces alternate in polarity or with themagnets coupled as to polarity side by side to any desired extent or inany desired division of the whole number of magnets. This system ofcontrolling the polar conditions of alternating-current motors havingclosed-circuit armatures can obviously be applied to a field havingcoils wound as shown in Figs. land 2, the particular forms of cores andcoils shown in Fig.7having been selected because ofthe facilityaffordedtherebyforgraphicillustration. Motors of this type operated byalternating currents can be relied upon for highly effective andcomparatively heavy service, and

they can be controlled and regulated not only by way of a pole-switch,as described, but

also by means of starting-switches, when organized as by me, to operatealso as motorgoverning devices, and an organization of this type isillustrated in Figs. 10 and 11. Referring first to Fig. 10, it is to beunderstood that the motor A is a reversible motor, having in its fieldthirty-two polar projections provided with magnet-coils so coupled andarranged as to produce a four-pole machine. The armature is constructedas already described and has numerous copper plugs in the iron core andcopper head, so as to afford thirty-nine closed circuits. Upon thearmature-shaft N there is a fixed bushing or sleeve N, one end of whichserves as a journal-box lining, the remainder being internally cut awayto reduce bearing contact with the shaft. On this sleeve a rotative hubN is mounted, and this near one end is appropriately grooved for thereception of one turn of a hand-rope N such as is used with elevators,and is usually accessible at or near the car. The opposite or outer endof the hub N serves as the support for an annular series of contact orswitch plates which constitute a part of the starting-switch C thebrushes f and f of which are carried on a separate hub N, adapted toslide on the armature-shaft, and also rotativelycoupled thereto by meansof the ball-governor N this latter having its balls held normally by aspring which is adjustable as to tension and the brushes f and f beingnormally engaged with the contact-plates; but should undue speed spreadthe balls said brushes would be lifted from said plates and the contactbroken. In Fig. 11 this switch 0 is shown in plan view, and it differsfrom the switch 0, already described, only in having its brushesarranged fora fourpole machine instead of a bipolar. The brushes f andfas in said switch connect appropriate interior supply-rings e and f withthe'several contactblocks. These contact-blocks are appropriatelyconnected electrically with eight of a series of ten ring-conductors, asat O, (designated 1 2 4, &c.,) insulated from each other and carriedside by side on the hub N as clearly shown in Fig. 10, and reduced to aplane projection in Fig. 11 Each of the ring-conductors has acontact-brush, as at O, and two of these, at 9'and 10, are connectedwith branch or shunt conductors from the su pply or line wires 6 and f.The other brushes of the group O are coupled with the field of' arms ofthe brushes f and f.

a governing-motor A A by way of wires 1 to' 8, inclusive, after themanner shown and described in connection with switch C, Fig. 1. Thisgoverning-motorA A, Figs. 10 and 11, is a small machine of the typealready described, and it is the driver of the power startingswitch G,the armature-shaft N carrying the This motor A A mechanically operatesthe power-switch C after and as the result of starting the motor A A'bymeans of the hand starting-switch G which is actuated by way of thehand-rope N The brushes f and f o'f 'the hand starting-switch C, withthe sixteen contact-blocks therein, are substantially as beforedescribed, although these blocks are connected in diametric pairs byeight outside conductors, (appropriately designated by numerals 1 to 8,inclusive,') as shown in Fig. 10. In said Fig. 11 the governing-motor AA is also shown with its eight electric connections to and with the handstarting-switch C, theybeing also designated by numerals. The brushes ff of said switch 0 are at right angles to each other, so that theirouter ends may rest on' blocks; which are separated by three blocks, asis ap propriate for a four-pole starting-switch. The rings 9 and 10 ofthis switch 0 are coupled, respectively, to the inside supply-rings eand f by wires at e and f, which afford a shunt circuit from the mainwires, which are similarly designated. The power-switch C has thirty-twocontact-blocks, and each two dia metrically opposite blocks arecoupledby out side connections, of which there are sixteen; appropriatelydesignated bynumerals, and it has inside rings 0 and f, which areconnected with the supply or line wire terminals e and f. The brushes fand f of this switch are also at right angles to each other; and hencetheir outer ends are always a little more than seven contact-blocksapart. The sixteen outside conductors of the switch 0, as shown in Fig.10, are respectively coupled with sixteen other outside conductors,(designated 1 to 16,) which are connected with the united terminals ofthe magnet-coils of the power-motor A at diametrically opposite points,said coils being in series, as before described, and properly organizedfor a fourpole machine. The supply-current to the conductors e and f isafforded from the transformer P, and a cut-out switch I has beenorganized by me so as to be operated by way of the handrope in'connection with a mechanical brake, these parts not being here shown, asthey need not differ from the cor responding portion of myelectric-elevator organization fully disclosed in my Letters Patent No.454,462, June 23, 1891.

The operation of the organization thus illustratedis as follo s: All theparts being at rest, the hand-rope N is manipulated in the usual manner,causing the contact-blocks of the hand starting-switch C to besufficiently rotated for causing the initial rotation of the armature ofthe governing-motor A A, which promptly reaches speed and operates thepower starting-switch C, which in turn causes initial rotation of thearmature ot' the power motor A under full load, and its speed promptlyrises sufficiently for the performance of its duty. The power-motor A instarting rotates the brushes of the hand startingswitch 0 in such adirection as decreases the speed of the power switch-motor A A inproportion as the power-motor A gains in headway until the speed ofrotation of the field-terminals of the power-motor A added to the speedof rotation by its armature, is slightly below its synchronous speed atwhich its maximum torque capacity is afforded. During the approach ofthe power-motor A to synchronous speed the switch-motor A A nearlysubsides and the ballgovernorthen operatinglifts the brushes of the handstarting-switch C and stops the switch-motor. Should, however, thepower-motor be slowed down, as when overloaded, the ball-governor 1 5will restore the brushes of the switch 0 to their operative position,and thereby start the switch-motorAA for revolving the brushes of thepower starting-switch and this by rotating the terminals of thefield-coils in the power-motor in an appropriate direction restores thetorque of the power-motor to its maximum.

When small machinesare required for light continuous duty, mystarting-switches will seldom be warranted-as, for instance, withfanmotors, which maybe readily started by convenient manipulation of thefan or by means of some form of mechanical starter, one of which isillustrated in connection with the fan-motor shown in Figs. 12 to'16,inclusive. This machine is very simple in its construction, its frame'Rbeing composed of two side plates, preferably of non-magnetic material,as zinc or brass, between which the field A is clamped, and having twobracketplates, one at each iside, which afford bearings for thearmature-shaft, which projects at both ends for respectively carryingthe fan S and a grooved pulley S. The field metal, as before described,is composed of soft laminated iron, so cut as to aiford eight poleprojections, and the coils Ct are mounted thereon and connected inseries, as shown in Fig. 16, the supplyscircuit being broken at a pairof segmental switch-plates T T. (Shown in Figs. 16, 14, and 12.) Apivoted switcharm 10, pivoted at its foot to the frame, has two brushes10 w provided with carbon contacts which when the machine is at restbear on the insulating-block 10 at one end of the segmentalcontact-plates T T, as shown in Fig. 12; but when swung to the one sidethe brushes pass to the contact-plates and close the circuit. Thisbrush-arm serves also as the base or prolongation of a hand-lever U,which has a lateral segmental arm U, and near said arm it is pivoted tothe top of the brush-arm w, so that said lever can vibrate slightlyindependently of the brush-arm for securing during its movement in onedirection a good frictional rolling contact between the upper V-shapededge of the arm U and the under side of the grooved pulley S. Thiscombination of a mechanical starter with a circuit-switch is believed tobe new, and it constitutes a portion of my invention. The said starterdiffers from other mechanical starting devices of motors in so far as itis not intended nor even able to bring the motor speed up to or nearsynchronism, but merely serves to initiate the rotation.

By providing the brushes of a hand starting-switch with a balance-wheeland a grooved pulley a hand lever U may be employed therewith with orwithout these contact plates and brushes, the brush-arm to serving as apart of the hand-lever in either case.

It is to be understood that the brushes of the rotary starting-switchesmay be stationary and the contact-blocks rotative or mov- I motor-drivenstarting-switches, as also shown in said figure, the brushes may bestationary and the contact-blocks carried on a dislc mounted on thearmature-shaft of the governing-motor, in which case the disk would beprovided with a hub and ring-conductors appropriately connected with thecontactblocks and provided with brushes after the manner of those at thehand starting-switch 'in said Fig. 10.

Now referring to the organization illustrated in Fig. 4 it is to beunderstood, as hereinbefore indicated, that the starting-switch thereshown is not restricted to the starting of machines having armatures orinduced elements which are of uniform magnetic resistance in alldirections, because it is equally effective in cooperating with machinesin which the armature has magnetic and electric circuits which are Welldefined and correspond in number to the number of field or inducingpoles-as,for instance, as illustrated in Figs. 17, 18, and 19. In thismotor A the field A, its coils a, and the starting-switch O, with theirseveral electric connections 1 2 3, &c., are precisely as in Fig. 4.This armature B is, however, of the bipolar shuttle type, its two armsbeing provided with appropriately-wound closed-circuited coils orconductors 10 If instead of the bipolar armature the fourpole armature Bof Fig. 18 should be employed in the same field, correspondinglysatisfactory results will accrue, this armature having four arms, eachhaving appropriatelywound closed -circuited conductors k speciallydesirable multipolar armature B of this general type is shown in Fig.19, wherein the closed-circuit conductors k are wound within holes whichare lengthwise in the armature-core and are cut through at the peripherythereof, as clearly indicated.

Machines embodying armatures of this kind, but otherwise correspondingwith those already described, may be promptly started under load bymeans of their terminal rotating starting-switch.

That portion of my invention herein disclosed which relates to a novelarmature construction as well as that portion which relates to a novelarrangement of the armatureconductors with reference to the poles of thefield-magnet are not claimed in this application, since these featuresof invention are included in the subject-matter of a division of thisapplication, Serial No. 44,576, filed January 24, 1901.

I do not claim in'this application the novel method of operatingalternating-current electric motors disclosed herein, since this methodconstitutes the subject-matter of a divisional application, Serial No.107,146, filed May 13, i

Having thus described my invention, I claim as new and desire to secureby Letters Patent 1 1. In an alternating-current motor,the combinationsubstantially as hereinbefore described, of an armature having an ironcore, and afiording electric circuits closed upon themselves, a fieldconsisting ofmagnetic metal and coils continuously wound in closedelectric circuit, and connected with the alternating main or supplycircuit, and means substantially as described, which start the motor byintermittingly short circuiting parts or sections of the field-coilswhich are unsymmetrically located with reference to the connections ofthe coils with the supplywire terminals, and leave said coils free fromshort-circuit, after the initial rotation of the motor-armature has beenaccomplished, and self-rotation assured.

2. The combination substantially as hereinbefore described,with analternating-current motor, having field-coils, to which working currentis supplied, and an armature having an iron core and provided withclosed circuits only traversed by electric currents induced by its ownrotation and by the alternations of the motor-field,of astarting-switch,adapted to shift, change, or vary the flow of magnetthefield-coils of the motor, and also having a brush, or movable contactarranged to sweep rapidly over said contact blocks, and to thereby soshift, change, or vary the flow of magnetism in the magnetic circuits inthe lield, as to cause initial rotation of the motorarmature andthereafter, with the switch at rest, to enable the armature to continueits rotation.

4. Thecombination substantially as hereinbefore described, of analternating-current motor, and a motor-starting switch having a seriesof contact-blocks connected consecutively with the terminals of themotor fieldcoil sections, and also having other contactblocks connectedrespectively with two supply-wire terminals; and still further, havingbrushes or sliding contacts arranged to sweep over all of saidcontact-blocks, and to thereby progressively connect thesupply-terminals with appropriate field-coil terminals, andprogressively cut out and restore certain of the field-coil sections, inpassing from one block to the other in the series, and to thereby soshift, change, and vary the flow of magnetism in the magnetic circuitsin the field, as to cause initial rotation of the motor-armature.

5. The combination substantiallyas hereinbefore described, of analternating-current motor, and a motor-starting switch, havinga seriesof contact-blocks, consecutively connected with terminals of thefield-coil sections; also having other contact-blocks connected withsupply-wire terminals, and still further having two pairs of brushes, ormovable contacts, one pair serving to progressively connect appropriatefield-coils with the supply-wire terminals, and the other pair ofbrushes, serving to intermittingly short-circuit sections or portions ofthe field-coil which are unsymmetrically located, with reference to thepoints'at which the field-coils are, for the time being, connected withthe supply-terminals, said switch being adapted to so change, shift, orvary the flow of magnetism in the magnetic circuits in the motor-field,as to cause initial rotation of the motor-armature in the desireddirection.

6. Thecombinationsubstantiallyashereinbefore described, of analternating-current motor having its field-coils in circuit withsupply-wires, and also an armature disconnected from the supply-circuit,and adapted to operate synchronously withthe alternations in thesupply-circuit of a rotative starting-switch, which shifts, changes, orvaries the flow of magnetism in the magnetic circuits in the field, andthereby causes initial rotation of the armature, and increases the speedof the armature in inverse proportion to the increased speed at whichthe switch is or may be rotated, said switch then ceasing its control ofthe field-circuits, and permitting the cooperation of the field andarmature to continue and maintain the rotation of the armature.

7. The combination substantially as hereinbefore described, of analternating-current motor from which duty-power is to be imparted; arotative motor-starting switch coupled to the field-coil sections of thepowermotor; asecond or governing alternating-current motor, attached to,and operating the said motor-starting switch, coupled to the field-coilsections of the governing-motor, for causing its armature to initiallyrotate; the organization of said combination being such, that theworking of the hand starting-switch, will set the governing-motor inoperation, and the latter, will then rapidly operate the motor-startingswitch, and cause the power-motor to commence its initial rotation undernormal load, and to-increase its rotation, until maximum speed has beenreached.

8. Thecombinationsubstantiallyashereinbefore described, ofanalternating-current motor adapted to service as a power-motor; amotorstarting switch connected with the field-coils of the power-motor,and adapted to shift, change, or vary the flow of magnetism in themagnetic circuits in the motor-field, and to thereby cause thepower-motor to initially operate; an alternating-current-governingmotor, for operating the motor-starting switch, for inducing initialaction of the power-motor under normal load; ahand start- IOCIing-switch connected with the governing-mo tor for causing its initialmovement; and a mechanical governor, driven by the powermotor, forcontrolling the hand startingswitch, and through that, thegoverning-motor, and by way of the latter, controlling the speed of thepower-motor.

9. Thecombinationsubstantiallyashereinbefore described, of analternating-current motor, a rotative starting-switch adapted to shift,change, or vary the flow of magnetism in the magnetic circuits inthemotor-field, and a mechanical governor driven by the motor, connectedto the starting-switch, and rendering the latter inactive during theoperation of the motor under an appropriate load.

10. The combination with the field-coils of a multipolaralternating-current motor, having a closed-circuit armature and astartingswitch, of a current-switch having half as many brushes as thereare field-coils, and a set of united switch-plates, cooperating withsaid brushes; subelectric connections which directly couple certain ofsaid switch-plates, and similar connections which directly couplecertain of said field-coils, the switching organi- Zation being such,that a movement of the switch in one direction, will at each change,reduce the number of field-pole divisions onehalf,and when moved in theopposite direction will at each change, double the number of polardivisions substantially as described.

11. The combination with a source of alternating or similar currents, ofan electric m0- tor havingaset of fie1d-coils,a starting-switch forvarying at will the position of the magnetic field at starting, and anarmature shortcircuited or otherwise connected to react and continue therotary effect, substantially as described.

12. In combination in an electric motor, a set of field-producing coils,a source of alternating or similar currents, a current-distrib- RUDOLFEICKEMEYER.

Witnesses:

JAMES S. FITCH, O. B. WARING.

